Unit 9
Tool Use

In this unit, we examine primates’ use of natural objects as tools. We first define what researchers consider to be tools and tool use, before exploring the variety of ways primates use tools. We then discuss the relationship between cognitive skills and tool making vs. tool using, and ask why some species use tools and others do not. We consider the physical and environmental characteristics necessary for the presence of tool use among primates and other species. We conclude the unit with a discussion of the main hypothesis on the origins and the evolution of tool use and tool making.

Objectives

When you have completed Unit 9, you should be able to

1. define the concepts tool and tool use.
2. list, and give example of, the various ways primates use tools.
3. explain the difference between tool use and tool making.
4. discuss the cognitive prerequisites for tool making, and give examples of tool making among primates.
5. explain how tool use is learned, and why tool use is considered a form of culture among primates.
6. explain why there is variability in the use of tools within and between species.
7. name and explain the prerequisites for the evolution of tools among primate species.

Viewing Assignment

If you wish to complete your next viewing assignment now, you may choose either The New Chimpanzees, listed in Unit 7, or the video identified below.

Boesch, Christophe, and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann

1991 Nut-Cracking Chimpanzees of the Tai Forest. University Park, PA: Penn State.

This video presents a detailed look at the unique tool making and tool using behaviours of the chimpanzees of the Tai forest. The video focuses not only on the technique, but on the development of this behaviour, and on sex differences in nut-cracking techniques.

If you choose this video, then in preparation for the examination, be certain that you can answer the questions given below.

1. What are the different methods used to crack open nuts?
2. How do males and females differ in nut-cracking behaviour?
3. How is nut cracking learned from infancy to adulthood?
4. How do females encourage the learning process of the infants?
5. What are the two components of the tools used?

Note: Once you have completed the viewing assignment to your satisfaction, please return the video to the Athabasca University Library as soon as possible: the number of copies is limited, and other students will need it. Remember, too, to submit your request for the video for your next viewing assignment—see pages 124-126 in Unit 10 of the Study Guide.